The Road To Pearl Harbor, 1919-1941

President Wilson's hopes for world peace through collective security clash at Versailles with the harsh old-world politics of Europe, which wanted to punish Germany. The resultant treaty, sows the seeds of World War II. Wilson's mysterious behind-the-scenes advisor, Colonel Edward House, compromises Wilson's ideals. Then, influenza struck Wilson down during a critical period of negotiations.

The President and the Senate fight for control of American foreign policy: the Senate wins. Wilson is opposed by a powerful coalition of conservatives like Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge. He then embarks on a grueling 8,000 mile train trip to promote the League of Nations and suffers a stroke. Wilson refuses to compromise on the League of Nations and ironically is responsible for its defeat.

In 1921, the world's first major disarmament conference limits the post war arms race, and the most important strategic weapon of the times, the battleship. General Billy Mitchell demonstrates the strength of air power by bombing obsolete battleships in the Chesapeake Bay. While the American military remains unconvinced, the Japanese were impressed as they would later demonstrate at Pearl Harbor.

Disillusioned by the horrors of World War I, the U.S. tries to isolate from the rest of the world. Strict immigration quotas are imposed and a mistrust of foreigners and minorities ushers in an ugly period of racism and ethnic discrimination. The advent of radio helps to project a standard image of the "good American," but at the same time lets in news of foreign nations.

The Depression is a traumatic national experience which shatters U.S. self-confidence and paralyzes foreign policy, thus leading to further isolationism. The world-wide depression gives rise to dictators, but the U.S. is so distracted with domestic problems that it ignores the threat. The London Naval Conference insults Japan and the Japanese invade Manchuria, as a preoccupied U.S. does nothing.

A contrast in the style of FDR and Hitler shows how technological change and individual charisma can change history. FDR uses the radio to gain political advantage and Hitler utilizes the new sound movies. Hitler, representing a minority party, was appointed Chancellor and rapidly gained power through Nazi propaganda and terrorism. Roosevelt tried new methods of attacking the economic crisis.