Ella Fitzgerald

Born in Newport News, VA, Fitzgerald experienced a difficult upbringing in which she witnessed her parents' divorce, lost her mother and suffered physical abuse at the hands of her stepfather. After escaping from a New York reform school at the age of fifteen and spending almost a year living on the streets, she made her singing debut at Harlem's Apollo Theater, winning an amateur contest with a rendition of her childhood hero Connee Boswell's "Judy." In 1935, she joined Chick Webb's Orchestra, with whom she recorded several hit songs including "Love and Kisses," "Undecided" and most notably, their playful take on nursery rhyme, "A-Tisket, A-Tasket," and later became their leader following Webb's death before they disbanded in 1941. A year later, Fitzgerald signed a solo deal with Decca and added to her hits tally through various collaborations with the likes of Bill Kenny & The Ink Spots, The Delta Rhythm Boys and Louis Jordan before making her film debut in Abbott & Costello western comedy "Ride 'Em Cowboy" (1942). After recruiting jazz impresario Norman Granz as her manager, Fitzgerald toured with Dizzy Gillespie's big band where she first began to develop what would become her signature scat style and later recorded a string of bebop classics including "Flying Home," "Oh, Lady Be Good" and "How High The Moon."Following a memorable cameo as jazz singer Maggie Jackson in "Pete Kelly's Blues" (1955), Fitzgerald moved to the Verve label Granz created especially for her and recorded the first of the eight Songbook projects that would cement her status as an all-time great. Her interpretations of Duke Ellington and Irving Berlin's famous works were both recognised at the inaugural Grammy Awards, their success prompting Frank Sinatra to block Capitol Records from re-releasing his similarly-themed recordings as a mark of respect. While after receiving similar acclaim for a series of collaborative efforts with Louis Armstrong, Fitzgerald briefly appeared in "St. Louis Blues" (1958) and "Let No Man Write My Epitaph" (1960), released the classic live album, Ella In Berlin and broke into the pop charts with her improvised take on "Mack The Knife."Fitzgerald spent much of the '60s flitting between various record labels while attempting to vary her sound with the likes of the country and western-inspired Misty Blue, the hymnal Brighten The Corner and covers of pop hits "Sunny" and "I Heard It Through The Grapevine." But following the surprise success of Jazz at Santa Monica Civic '72, Fitzgerald then returned to her roots, recording over 20 albums for the Pablo label including four joint efforts with guitarist Joe Pass and the Grammy-winning Fine and Mellow, A Perfect Match and Digital III at Montreux, while she also performed a series of money-spinning concerts with Count Basie and Frank Sinatra at Las Vegas' Caesars Palace and on Broadway.Fitzgerald experienced several health problems throughout her final years including heart failure, exhaustion and diabetes, the latter of which strongly affected her eyesight and later forced her to have both legs amputated. After recording her last album, All That Jazz, in 1989 and making her final live appearance at New York's Carnegie Hall in 1991, Fitzgerald announced her retirement in 1994. Two years later, she passed away at her Beverly Hills mansion at the age of 79, leaving behind a highly distinctive and hugely significant musical legacy.